• *The discussion of the creation, fabrication, or modification of airgun moderators is prohibited. The discussion of any "adapters" used to convert an airgun moderator to a firearm silencer will result in immediate termination of the account.*

.22 LDC bore clearance study print files

OldSpook

I realize what the sound energy differences are for even a 3 dB difference. I am more concerned about what human perception differences are for 3 or 4 dB changes. Considering the extra 2 mm in bore diameter and much larger area increases that go with that, I would expect more than a 4 dB change, based on my impression of your opinion. If I am wrong that the difference between each step in this little experiment will be on the edge of detectable by ear, then I will have learned a valuable lesson.

I used to design printed mufflers for .22 with 7 mm bores. There were a number of clipping complaints, so I increased that to 7.5 mm at the back, and taper stepping up the bore towards the front by 0.5 degree included angle; because the front is where the clipping occurred. During that exercise I designed some .22 mufflers that had 9 mm exit bores and was surprised how little effect it had.

Rather offer anecdotal report reports, I figured that an exercise such as the reason for this thread, would be more valuable. Then it is not an argument about different mufflers, but essentially the same one, with just the bore diameter being varied.

If you feel like this short muffler is cheating, let me know how long it should be, and I will create a longer set.

Another consideration I had for the short length was that I figured people were more likely to participate if the prints were easy and short. An 8" long 1" OD muffler often exposes adhesion problems, and may fail before it is done printing.

If I do a longer muffler version for this test, I think I would add a fourth configuration, with the baffle angle, spacing stepped open bore size I would use, if I was trying to "sell" the design for common use.

I do many free designs for people. Yesterday I worked on 5 different muffler designs. In turn, many of these same people provide me with free test results; even though that is not the primary reason why they make and test my designs. They want them to work well, and so do I. Everything I learn is used to make future designs better. Better means quieter and better sounding, for the size and weight; but without clipping or blowing up grouping ability.

Thank you for adding your audio capture and analysis expertise. It would be great if you would print and test these mufflers too. After all, they are tiny prints and don't use a lot of material.
 
I printed the largest and the smallest.
I put 3 shots through each, with the dB meter (set to record Max) on a mic stand only 1 meter to the left and even with the bore.
For this test I'm shooting indoors... next time I'll setup outside with a microphone at 3m away. (might be until the weekend when I get to that.)

The smaller bore is registering about 2dB lower Max than the largest bore moderator. I tried to do it blind (I didn't look which one I put on first) but it was obvious on the first shot of the second moderator which was which. Both were loud (compared to a 15yr old Weihrauch 177/22 moderator)
 
I printed the largest and the smallest.
I put 3 shots through each, with the dB meter (set to record Max) on a mic stand only 1 meter to the left and even with the bore.
For this test I'm shooting indoors... next time I'll setup outside with a microphone at 3m away. (might be until the weekend when I get to that.)

The smaller bore is registering about 2dB lower Max than the largest bore moderator. I tried to do it blind (I didn't look which one I put on first) but it was obvious on the first shot of the second moderator which was which. Both were loud (compared to a 15yr old Weihrauch 177/22 moderator)

2db and obvious difference between the two! Nice data and thanks for getting some testing done so quickly! Look forward to further results. Kudos!

-Matt
 
Thanks, Mike,

You tested an oval Huben pistol muffler recently. You could do it the same way. As long as the configuration is the same for all tests in this series I am OK with it. My suggestions are to avoid saturating the meter, and avoiding being close to a loud trap.

OldSpook has his standard method, posted earlier in this thread. 3 meters to the side of the muzzle, if I recall correctly. I think this is how he records muzzle blast for analysis, but unless I am wrong, you are just using a meter, not recording sound or video.

Take your pick. The level with the muzzle at 3 meters to the side is more representative of what the shooter hears. The downrange test may be more representative of what a neighbor hears. Both are useful.
 
OldSpook

I realize what the sound energy differences are for even a 3 dB difference. I am more concerned about what human perception differences are for 3 or 4 dB changes. Considering the extra 2 mm in bore diameter and much larger area increases that go with that, I would expect more than a 4 dB change, based on my impression of your opinion. If I am wrong that the difference between each step in this little experiment will be on the edge of detectable by ear, then I will have learned a valuable lesson.
Then you also realize that the following table is appropriate:
Increase (dB)Power (%)
0100
1126
2159
3200
4251
5316
6400
I used to design printed mufflers for .22 with 7 mm bores. There were a number of clipping complaints, so I increased that to 7.5 mm at the back, and taper stepping up the bore towards the front by 0.5 degree included angle; because the front is where the clipping occurred. During that exercise I designed some .22 mufflers that had 9 mm exit bores and was surprised how little effect it had.
Yes, clipping occurs towards the exit of the moderator because run-out increases at the bore due to the law of similar triangles. I did the same thing for a while.

Rather offer anecdotal report reports, I figured that an exercise such as the reason for this thread, would be more valuable. Then it is not an argument about different mufflers, but essentially the same one, with just the bore diameter being varied.

If you feel like this short muffler is cheating, let me know how long it should be, and I will create a longer set.
No I don't care. Your experiment is valid as it is. It is your study. I've already done it.

Another consideration I had for the short length was that I figured people were more likely to participate if the prints were easy and short. An 8" long 1" OD muffler often exposes adhesion problems, and may fail before it is done printing.

If I do a longer muffler version for this test, I think I would add a fourth configuration, with the baffle angle, spacing stepped open bore size I would use, if I was trying to "sell" the design for common use.

I do many free designs for people. Yesterday I worked on 5 different muffler designs. In turn, many of these same people provide me with free test results; even though that is not the primary reason why they make and test my designs. They want them to work well, and so do I. Everything I learn is used to make future designs better. Better means quieter and better sounding, for the size and weight; but without clipping or blowing up grouping ability.
Ok
Thank you for adding your audio capture and analysis expertise. It would be great if you would print and test these mufflers too. After all, they are tiny prints and don't use a lot of material.
I keep my printers tied up working on tests which I have not already done; however, if someone wants me to process a video or an audio recording of a test I'll be more than happy to do that for you and explain the process in more detail in my profile posts.

A heuristic which I've found approximates the change in noise when the only thing changed is the diameter of the muzzle exit is the ratio of the new aperture to the original aperture. So for example:

Aperture (mm)Area (mm^2)Ratio (This / Top)% PWR / dB
7.0 mm38.51.0100 % / 0 dB
7.5 mm44.21.15115% / 0.6 dB
8.0 mm50.31.31131 % / 1.16 dB
8.5 mm56.71.47147 % / 1.67 dB

So 1.5 mm on a 7 mm bore will increase the signature by about 1.67 dB. That's a heuristic but it seems to be about right to me, perhaps a little low.

We don't live in a perfect world. Run out is a very real problem and if I were designing moderators for the same purpose you are designing them I would likely make the same compromise.

Again, if you want me to look at any video or audio recordings which are in uncompressed formats I'll be happy to do that. I don't have a dog in this fight. Just have someone link me the file and I'll run the same analysis I do for all of them. If you want to be able to compare it down the road to some other work you have done you will need to establish a standard testing criteria. You need to locate the camera/recorder in the same place relative to the muzzle every time. You need to establish some "standard rifle/pistol" and collect data on it. Then you need to test it from time to time so that you get a feel for how much weather impacts your test results.

So there you go.
 
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Thanks, OldSpook,

The heuristic table is particularly useful.

I assume that no one is shooting direct at their neighbors. Shooting down an alley that is walled off, with a neighbor on the other side of the wall, on the side, but ahead of your shooting position is probably a fairly common arrangement. If the neighbor is behind a tall wall, directly in front of your shooting position that is not automatically dangerous. Everyone needs to use their own judgment.

I ask myself, if my neighbor was shooting airguns in my direction, or past me in their yard, would the wall between us make me OK with that? If not, I should not be the one doing the shooting under the same circumstances. When I say "wall", I do not mean a slat fence with gaps in it. I means concrete, brick or cinderblock. Something that would stop a handgun bullet, unless you keep chewing at the same spot. Your backstop or trap should stop your airgun projectiles, with a wall as a never used safeguard.

My chief concern is that some neighbors don't want you shooting airguns, and are busting to report you; whether or not it is legal in that area. Better to not even peak their interest.

If you have no neighbors in the direction that you shoot your airguns, with no people or animals for 2000 yards, then mufflers are purely for your own comfort. Not that many people have backyards that big.
 
Thanks, OldSpook,

The heuristic table is particularly useful.

I assume that no one is shooting direct at their neighbors. Shooting down an alley that is walled off, with a neighbor on the other side of the wall, on the side, but ahead of your shooting position is probably a fairly common arrangement. If the neighbor is behind a tall wall, directly in front of your shooting position that is not automatically dangerous. Everyone needs to use their own judgment.

I ask myself, if my neighbor was shooting airguns in my direction, or past me in their yard, would the wall between us make me OK with that? If not, I should not be the one doing the shooting under the same circumstances. When I say "wall", I do not mean a slat fence with gaps in it. I means concrete, brick or cinderblock. Something that would stop a handgun bullet, unless you keep chewing at the same spot. Your backstop or trap should stop your airgun projectiles, with a wall as a never used safeguard.

My chief concern is that some neighbors don't want you shooting airguns, and are busting to report you; whether or not it is legal in that area. Better to not even peak their interest.

If you have no neighbors in the direction that you shoot your airguns, with no people or animals for 2000 yards, then mufflers are purely for your own comfort. Not that many people have backyards that big.
If you have ever had the chance to see a couple of hundred M16 or m4s firing full auto tracers at night then you have a true understanding of what the term ricochet means. If you haven't you don't.
 
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We do not want pellets deflecting over walls, I agree. If we are trying to hit 1/2" targets at 25 yards, are we really going to miss a two foot square trap at that distance? If the answer is yes, then one should stick to indoor ranges, where nothing can leave the building.

As for ricocheting tracers from mass, sustained full auto fire, that is hardly the expected cone of fire model for deliberate single shots from an airgun.
 
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It is likely that the spread in sound reduction would be greater for longer "test tubes", than the 2 dB differences so far reported between the 4.2" long 6.5 and 8.5 mm bore "test tubes".

It was suggested that the typical length for a 1" OD .22 muffler was 6.5". So, I cut and spliced the 4+" ones to stretch them to 6.5".

If anyone wants to test this theory, the two STLs for the longer versions are attached in the same ZIP file. See image below.

View attachment STLs for 6.5 inch long bore clearance test 6.5 and 8.5 mm bores.zip

6.5 inch long bore clearance study 6.5 and 8.5 mm bores.PNG
 
Okay I will bite. Why?

Pure speculation:
Because there are more baffles in the longer tubes. Each baffle is a multiplier of the bore area differential between the 6.5 and 8.5 mm bore diameters. It is not just the endcap bore that matters in my mental model.

We are not shooting slugs (could, if someone wanted to), but I predict that slugs will also amplify the dB differences between bore sizes. This because slugs have a longer bearing area than a waisted pellet. So, interacting as if the baffle bore's cylindrical sections were longer, or as if there are more short baffle bores. This, affects the amount of air leaking between the baffle bores and projectile.

Also, due to added air flow resistance of more baffle bores, after the projectile has passed the front endcap. Resistance to flow in a pipe is not just a function of diameter; length matter too.

Again; purely speculative.
 
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Thanks Mike. The readings are so close, and the fact the 7.5 mm bore reading was below the 6.5 mm bore suggests variability in the air rifle's noise, shot to shot; or that we are seeing the limits of the measurement system capability.

What air rifle did you use for this, at what FPE, and where was your meter placed? Not complaining, just interested in trying to understand the broader picture. It may be that the airgun type (shrouded or unshrouded) and power also play into the bore clearance equation.

Again, thanks for volunteering, and for your time and effort.
 
The app below will record "lossless" audio on an android phone.

You have to configure the app to do it. It will enable a sampling rate of 44kHz and enable you to capture ".wav" files ... which is what I am using in my testing. Not perfect but a darn sight more functional than compressed audio from an mpeg, mp3, etc...

The problem with compressed audio which is used in most more recent video formats is that the high end is compressed out. This is because we generally can't hear it.

I've been looking at some mp3s, mpegs, and mp4s to see what is missing. Basically everyting above about 4 kHz is attenuated and above about 6 kHz almost compressed out altogether.

The files this software creates are much larger than files with compressed audio. Using the software you can record "lossless" audio. This is not the same as raw audio but it is about as good as you are going to get outside of a dedicated recording setup., 44 kHz sample rates are high enough to get a pretty good read on 20 Hz and 22 kHz.
 
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